리신호 Rhee Shin Ho , 윤성수 Yoon Seong Soo , 송이 Song Yi , 정다영 Jeong Dayeong , 민흥기 Min Heunggi

DOI: JKWST Vol.54(No.6) 1-8, 2012

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To increase the synergies of rural experience tourism and overcome the limitations rural tourism are study. A basic cooperative model and theme model have been set up and comprehensive cooperative tourism model has been offered. In order to the development of model example, experience resources has been investigated and problems and features for 7 rural experience tourism villages of Cheongwon have been identified. The basic cooperative model has been selected main line and part hub type. The theme model has been separated nature experience, history and character experience, traditional culture and theme experience, agriculture and rural area experience. Based on this, The thematic cooperative tourism model and the comprehensive cooperative tourism model, its a schedule have been exemplified.

안중호 An Chung-ho , 이주형 Lee Joo-hyung

DOI: JKWST Vol.54(No.6) 9-17, 2012

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In 1960's, Korea had concentrated on economic development, in the meantime the existing problem which is an avoiding rural settlement phenomenon such as a farming population decrease, an unstabel income, poor surroundings, etc. could intensify. And because of an exodus from agricultural area caused by industrialization and a fall of agricultural farm price as a result of domestic agricultural market opening in accordance with FTA, in 2004 Korean government excuted the integrated rural-village development plan as a measure to provide more support for agricultural villages. The integrated rural-village development plan means that inter-connected with villages which have potnetial and developed it as a unit of small-zone, also we can assume it a Down-up development type because residents participate and lead this plan directly. But, this plan made progress rapidly as a countmeasure of government so, it needs to evaluate for completed project area and make an improvement for a sustainable undertaking. Therefore, this study categorized project contents systematically into two parts of Hardware and Software, after that composed of 4 large-parts, 13 mid-parts and 43 small-parts from Inje-Yongdai zone which was designated for an integrated rural-village development plan in 2004. And a result of analysis for project contents priorities by hierarchy analysis method showed the Regional capability reinforcement is selected for the most important project content by 3 stakeholders who are specialists (514pts.), Korea Rural Community Corporation staffs (694pts.), local government officers (688pts.)

김용완 Kim Yong Wan , 홍석영 Hong Suk Young , 김이현 Kim Yi Hyun , 장민원 Jang Min Won

DOI: JKWST Vol.54(No.6) 19-28, 2012

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This study carried out farmland suitability analysis for southern-type garlic cultivation considering soil and temperature as well as water deficit conditions. The spatial extent was limited within the area derived by Kim et al. (2012) using just soil and temperature constraints. Daily soil moisture was simulated using a one-layer soil water balance model at a 100×100 m grid unit, and then annual water deficit was calculated from 2000 to 2010. The farmland suitability was classified as four steps: best suitable, suitable, possible, and low productive. As a result, total area of best suitable or suitable farmland was about 375,900 ha, and Gimje-si and Haenam-gun were appeared as the largest favorable area for southern-type garlic cultivation. The best suitable or suitable area at Haenam-gun, Goheung-gun, Shinan-gun, Namhae-gun, and Muan-gun, major production regions of southern-type garlic, were extracted as 20,187 ha, 13,018 ha, 4,715 ha, 1,319 ha, and 349 ha, respectively. On the other hand, the result showed that the adoption of sprinkler irrigation systems might be critical in cultivating the southern-type garlic at some regions having poor water balance.

최진규 Choi Jin Kyu , 손재권 Son Jae Gwon , 이현정 Lee Hyun Jeong , 김영주 Kim Young Joo

DOI: JKWST Vol.54(No.6) 29-37, 2012

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This study was carried out to runoff characteristics in an upland livestock manure compost. Irrigation, runoff and water quality data in the upland were analyzed periodically from May to November in 2011. The observed amount of rainfall, irrigation, runoff for the experimental upland during the investigation period were 1,299.7 mm, 32.0 mm, and 340.7 mm, respectively. The concentrations of T-N in compost and non-compost upland during study period were ranged from 2.09 mg/L to 6.66 mg/L and from 1.99 mg/L to 6.01 mg/L, respectively. which was generally higher than the quality standard of agricultural water (1.0 mg/L). The concentrations of T-P in compost and non-compost upland during study period were ranged from 0.069 mg/L to 0.525 mg/L and from 0.018 mg/L to 0.152 mg/L, respectively. The runoff pollutants loadings of T-N and T-P in compost upland were 10.05 kg/ha and 0.56 kg/ha, respectively. The runoff pollutants loadings of T-N and T-P in non-compost upland were 9.09 kg/ha and 0.26 kg/ha, respectively. The runoff pollutants loadings in T-N and T-P from this study were much lower values than the pollutant loadings of T-N and T-P from the upland published by the others studies. Runoff pollution loadings due to the upland field in order to identify the characteristics of various crops, farming methods and a variety of targets taking into account regional characteristics by conducting continuous monitoring runoff load estimate will be required.

남원호 Nam Won-ho , 김태곤 Kim Taegon , 최진용 Choi Jin-yong , 김한중 Kim Han-joong

DOI: JKWST Vol.54(No.6) 39-44, 2012

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Water supply capacity and operational capability in agricultural reservoirs are expressed differently in the limited storage due to seasonal and local variation of precipitation. Since agricultural water supply and demand basically assumes the uncertainty of hydrological phenomena, it is necessary to improve probabilistic approach for potential risk assessment of water supply capacity in reservoir for enhanced operational storage management. Here, it was introduced the irrigation vulnerability characteristic curves to represent the water supply capacity corresponding to probability distribution of the water demand from the paddy field and water supply in agricultural reservoir. Irrigation vulnerability probability was formulated using reliability analysis method based on water supply and demand probability distribution. The lower duration of irrigation vulnerability probability defined as the time period requiring intensive water management, and it will be considered to assessment tools as a risk mitigated water supply planning in decision making with a limited reservoir storage.

송인홍 Inhong Song , 송정헌 Jung Hun Song , 김상민 Sang Min Kim , 장민원 Min Won Jang , 강문성 Moon-seong Kang

DOI: JKWST Vol.54(No.6) 45-52, 2012

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Along with global warming, ever intensifying weather events have increased damages to agricultural farms and facilities. The objective of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution and regional characteristics of agricultural damages by extreme weather events. Agricultural disaster statistics provided by the National Emergency Management Agency were summed over for a 13-year period from 1998 to 2010 and used for the spatial analysis. Two indices of damage area ration and property damage per unit area were introduced to quantify regional agricultural damages. As the results, farm inundation accounted for the largest area primarily damaged by typhoons with heavy rainfalls. Most property damages to farm lands originated from farm erosion in the alpine regions by localized guerrilla rains. The two major causes of damages to greenhouse and livestock facilities were typhoon with strong wind and winter blizzards. Gangwon was the province of the largest property loss mostly from farm land erosion losses, followed by Gyeongnam, Jeonnam, and Chungnam where losses to greenhouse and livestock facilities were relatively greater. Property loss per unit area was also the greatest for the Gangwon province (4.91 M￦/ha), followed by Gyongnam and Chungnam of 2.20 and 1.50 M￦/ha, respectively. Unit loss for greenhouse and livestock facilities was 13.3 M￦/ha, approximately 13 times greater than that for farm land (1.06 M￦/ha). The study findings indicated the importance of reducing highland farm erosion and reinforcing farming facilities structures for agricultural disaster management.

김지혜 Kim Ji Hye , 정한석 Jeong Han Seok , 강문성 Kang Moon Seong , 송인홍 Song In Hong , 박승우 Park Seung Woo

DOI: JKWST Vol.54(No.6) 53-63, 2012

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The objectives of this study were to develop a linked watershed-waterbody modeling system and to assess the impacts of indirect wastewater reuse on irrigation water quality. The Osan stream watershed within Gyeonggi-do of South Korea was selected for this study. The linked modeling system was composed of the SWAT (Soil and water assessment tool) and QUALKO2 models. The SWAT model was calibrated and validated using the stream discharge and water quality data from 2010 to 2011. Runoff and non-point source pollutants from each subbasin and stream discharge from 1980 to 2009 were simulated by the SWAT model and applied to the QUALKO2 model. The QUALKO2 model was calibrated and validated under the conditions of low water and normal discharges, respectively. Finally, The 10-day irrigation water quality from April to September was simulated. The statistical measures of coefficient of determination (R²), reliability index (RI), and efficiency index (EI) were used to evaluate the system performance. The R², RI and EI values ranged from 0.5 to 1.0, 1.03 to 1.92, and -35.03 to 0.95, respectively. The 10-day irrigation water quality showed the concentrations of BOD and coliform exceeded the water quality guidelines for wastewater reuse. The linked modeling system can be a useful tool to estimate non-point source pollutant loads in watershed and to control the water quality of effluent from a wastewater treatment plant and irrigation water in the downstream waterbody.

함종화 Haam Jong Hwa , 김동환 Kim Dong Hwan , 김형중 Kim Hyung Joong , 김미옥 Kim Mi-ock

DOI: JKWST Vol.54(No.6) 65-76, 2012

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Agricultural reservoir water quality simulation model (ARSIM-rev) was developed in this study for water quality simulation of a small and shallow agricultural reservoir with limited observed water quality data. Developed ARSIM-rev is a zero-dimensional water quality model because of little spatial differences in water quality between stations in a small and shallow agricultural reservoir. ARSIM-rev used same water quality reaction equations with WASP except for several equations, and daily based input parameters such as settling rate, release rate from sediment, and light extinction coefficient changed yearly based input parameters in ARSIM-rev. A number of pre- and post-processors were developed such as auto calibration and scenario analysis for ARSIM-rev. CE-QUAL-W2, WASP, and developed ARSIM-rev were applied to Mansu agricultural reservoir to evaluate model performance, and ARSIM-rev demonstrated similar model performance with CE-QUAL-W2 and WASP when low number of observed data was used for agricultural reservoir water quality simulation. Overall, developed ARSIM-rev was feasible for water quality simulation in a small and shallow agricultural reservoir with limited observed water quality data, and it can simulate agricultural reservoir water quality precisely enough like common water quality model such as CE-QUAL-W2 and WASP within a limited time.

봉태호 Bong Tae-ho , 손영환 Son Young-hwan , 김성필 Kim Seong-pil , 허준 Heo Joon

DOI: JKWST Vol.54(No.6) 77-87, 2012

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Recently, Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) based on reliability analysis has become a global trend for economical and rational design. In order to implement the LRFD, quantification of uncertainty for load and resistance should be done. The reliability of result relies on input variable, and therefore, it is important to obtain exact uncertainty properties of load and resistance. Since soil stress is the main reason causing the settlement or deformation of ground and load on the underground structure, it is essential to clarify the uncertainty of soil stress distribution for accurately predict the uncertainty of load in LRFD. In this study, laboratory model test on silty sand bed under probabilistic load is performed to observe propagation of upper load uncertainty. The results show that the coefficient of variation (COV) of soil stress are varied depending on location due to non-linear relationship between upper load increment and soil pressure increment. In addition, when the load uncertainty is transmitted through ground, COV is decreased by damping effect.

신재영 Shin Jae Young , 신민환 Shin Min Hwan , 최용훈 Choi Yong Hoon , 강현우 Kang Hyun Woo , 원철희 Won Chul Hee , 황문영 Hwang Moon Young , 양희정 Yang Hee Jung , 임경재 Lim Kyoung Jae , 최중대 Choi Joong Dae

DOI: JKWST Vol.54(No.6) 89-99, 2012

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An upland monitoring was conducted for about 4 years with respect to the water and quality of rainfall-runoff. The objective was to characterize of runoff and nonpoint source (NPS) pollution from a sandy field with 4.5 % in slope under balloonflower (2008- 2010) and potato (2011) cultivation. Balloonflower was cultivated without any surface cover but potato was grown under plastic mulching. Runoff rate, EMCs and NPS pollution loads were estimated. The first flush effect was evaluated, and the correlation coefficient among the selected water quality indices were analyzed. Average rainfall size was higher by 2.3 mm when balloonflower was cultivated but average runoff rate was higher by 0.02 when potato was cultivated due to the plastic mulching. EMCs monitored from balloonflower field were higher than potato field except SS and TN, but all NPS pollution loads of potato field were 2.1~22.9 times greater than balloonflower field because of larger runoff volume. As a result of first flush effects, balloonflower and potato field were more influenced by increasing of accumulated rainfall and rainfall intensity rather than first flush. In the result of correlation analysis, there were no evident correlations between runoff and water quality indices. However, there were obvious correlations between SS and the other indices except TN. As a result of this study, it was thought that perennial balloonflower crop could help reduce runoff and NPS pollution loads but annual crop with plastic mulching increase them.

홍성구 Hong Seong Gu , 강구 Kang Ku

DOI: JKWST Vol.54(No.6) 101-109, 2012

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Silt curtains are constructed for minimizing pollution of sediment dispersion in water bodies. In spite of wide uses of the silt curtains, there are few studies for analyzing the effectiveness of them with respect to their dimension and hydraulic characteristics. Currently, the market of silt curtains does not provide the various dimension of them due to the limit of information regarding its effectiveness on reducing sediment pollution. In this study, a series of experiments were conducted to investigate hydraulic characteristics around the silt curtains under the different flow conditions. For this study, a silt curtain was fabricated and an open channel with 30cm of width and 40cm of depth was used. The results indicated that the silt curtain was not effective in preventing dispersion at flow velocities over 0.5m/s in real conditions. Based on the experimental results, it is required that approaching velocity should be minimized and the weight of bottom be increased in order to reduce deformation. The results of this study will provide information required to design appropriate dimension of silt curtains in various water environment such as velocity and water depths.

전지홍 Jeon Ji-hong , 이새봄 Lee Sae-bom

DOI: JKWST Vol.54(No.6) 111-119, 2012

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Applicability of 8 day interval flow data for the calibration of hydrologic model was evaluated using Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) at Kyungan watershed. The 8 day interval flow monitored by Ministry of Environment located at upstream was calibrated and periodically validated during 2004-2008. And continuous daily flow monitored by Ministry of Construction & Transportation (MOCT) and located at the mouth was compared with daily simulated data during 2004-2007 as spatial validation. Automatic calibration tool which is Model-Independent Parameter Estimation & Uncertainty Analysis (PEST) was applied for HSPF calibration procedure. The model efficiencies for calibration and periodic validation were 0.63 and 0.88, and model performances were fair and very good, respectively, based on criteria of calibration tolerances. Continuous daily stream flow at the mouth of Kyungan watershed were good agreement with observed continuous daily stream flow with showing 0.63 NS value. The PEST program is very useful tool for HSPF hydrologic calibration using non-continuous daily stream flow as well as continuous daily stream flow. The 8 day interval flow data monitored by MOE could be used to calibrate hydrologic model if the continuous daily stream flow is unavailable.

백신원 Paik Sin-won , 김한중 Kim Han-joong , 최돈흥 Choi Don-heung

DOI: JKWST Vol.54(No.6) 121-131, 2012

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Many of the falling which is the number one risk factor in lethal accidents in construction could have been prevented if the right activity or supervising had been taken in time. All other measures do not preventive the fall, but rather intercept the fallen itself or preventive severe injury. The most common and the bets measures on the preventive measures are guardrails which are to be worn on the site. Workers always exposed the risk of serious accidents induced by causal effects related with environments around construction sites. In order to represent how to decrease the risk of workers, this study was accomplished with a number of interview with experienced site director, cheief of instructors, workers. And the questionaire survey (2012. 5～2012. 10) were used to make proposed policies which are expected to reduce critical disastrous accidents and strength authorized limits of director's management automatically.

박지훈 Park Jihoon , 강문성 Kang Moon Seong , 송인홍 Song Inhong

DOI: JKWST Vol.54(No.6) 133-142, 2012

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The objective of this study was to correct the bias of the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP)-based future precipitation data using a quantile mapping method. This method was adopted to correct extreme values because it was designed to adjust simulated data using probability distribution function. The Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution was used to fit distribution for precipitation data obtained from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). The resolutions of precipitation data was 12.5 km in space and 3-hour in time. As the results of bias correction over the past 30 years (1976～2005), the annual precipitation was increased 16.3 % overall. And the results for 90 years (divided into 2011～2040, 2041～2070, 2071～2100) were that the future annual precipitation were increased 8.8 %, 9.6 %, 11.3 % respectively. It also had stronger correction effects on high value than low value. It was concluded that a quantile mapping appeared a good method of correcting extreme value.

왕용 Wang Long , 홍성구 Hong Seong Gu

DOI: JKWST Vol.54(No.6) 143-150, 2012

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전형순 Jun Hyung Soon

DOI: JKWST Vol.54(No.6) 151-158, 2012

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This study will not only prove experimental dynamic properties which are classified to slump, compressed strength, bending strength and toughness index blast-furnace cement concrete with polypropylene (PP) fiber that refer properties and volume of it, but also establish a basic data in order to use PP fiber reinforced blast-furnace cement concrete. The slump didn't changed by PP fiber volume 5 kgf/m³ because of flexibility of fiber in despite of loose mixing. The reason why the slump decreased steadily by PP fiber volume 3 kgf/m³ was rising contact surface of water. The compressed strength indicated a range of 19.49∼26.32 MPa. The tensile strength indicated a range of 2.10∼2.44 MPa. The bending strength was stronger about 3∼16 % in case of mixing with PP fiber volume than normal concrete. The flexure strength indicated a range of 4.30∼4.83 MPa. The toughness indicated a range of 0 ∼19.88 N · mm and was stronger about 6.7 times in case of PP fiber volume 9 kg/m³ than PP fiber volume 1 kg/m³. The pavement with PP fiber volume over such a fixed quantity in the roads of a respectable amount load can have a effect to prevent not only resistance against clack but also rip off failures.

이재득 Lee Jae-deuk , 연규석 Yeon Kyu-seok , 김광우 Kim Kwang-woo , 김용성 Kim Yong Seong

DOI: JKWST Vol.54(No.6) 159-167, 2012

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In the present study, an investigation has been made on the application of cement-bentonite soil mixtures as the countermeasure against leachate produced by buried animal carcasses. For this purpose, the strength characteristics of the cement-bentonite soil mixtures mixed with geotextile and metakaolin. After the mixtures with different contents of the cement (0 %, 10 %), bentonite (0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %), and weathered soil (100 %, 95 %, 90 %, 85 %, 80 %) were prepared, metakaolin and geotextile were added with different contents (metakaolin : 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 % of the cement weight; geotextile : 0 %, 0.5 %, 1 %, 1.5 %, 2 %). Experimental results suggested that the early strength of the mixture increases due to the pore filling, the hydration acceleration, and the pozzolan reaction when metakaolin of 5∼10 % of the cement weight was added. In addition, the compressive strength increase when 0.5∼1 % geotextile contents were added, and the above these contents, the rate of strength increase was gradually decreased because of the fibrous tangles.

정영훈 Jung Young Hun , 정충길 Jung Chung Gil , 정성원 Jung Sung Won , 박종윤 Park Jong Yoon , 김성준 Kim Seong Joon

DOI: JKWST Vol.54(No.6) 169-176, 2012

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This study describes the estimation of upstream ungauged watershed streamflow using downstream discharge data. For downstream Dongchon (DC) and upstream Kumho (KH) water level stations in Kumho river basin (2,087.9 km²), three methods of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) modeling, drainage-area ratio method and regional regression equation were evaluated. The SWAT was calibrated at DC with the determination coefficient (R²) of 0.70 and validated at KH with R² of 0.60. The drainage-area ratio method showed R² of 0.93. For the regional regression, the watershed area, average slope, and stream length were used as variables. Using the derived equation at DC, the KH could estimate the flow with maximum 41.2 % error for the observed streamflow.